Kids, Work and Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay

Kids, Work and Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay Vicious spirals and virtuous circles Circular cause results in exponential increases or decreases that are extremely hard to interrupt. The causes could be unrelated to one another, but all are about the result. These causes ought to be somewhat broad so you can elaborate on them in your essay. Cause and effect essay have a lot of sub-types. Vital Pieces of Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay A root causeis the simple reason something happens and can be rather distant from the original effect. To succeed, you have to know some critical elements to impress your class. There may be quite a few reasons why. 1 school of thought believes that children who aren't occupied are more inclined to get into trouble. From skiing in the mountains to surfing at the beaches, there's always some type of physical activity to engage during the majority of the year. It is a fact that smoking gives a sense of pleasure. Folks that have a smo king authority figure in their lives (for example, a parent) are much more likely to begin smoking later in life. Your analysis would go into further detail to supply the response to the question you are searching for. Data can illuminate, clarify, and empower, but nevertheless, it may also overwhelm, confound, and lead users down the incorrect path whenever they don't take some time to ask the proper questions. Expressed with respect to data standard deviations. What Is So Fascinating About Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay? Occasionally it can be very difficult to consider analysis essay topics, let alone compose the essay. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. This essay has a wonderful focus. Such essays might be actually quite simple to investigate and write. Thesis needs to be mentioned in various words and briefly explained. A list of topics for causal analysis essay is provided below for people who are assigned with these kinds of essays in College. An analytical essay has a broad array of scope and topics. Writing a causal analysis essay is little different from preparing a standard paper. It's possible for you to use that source in a few ways. To create the process easy, following are some suggestions to help you. Once you get your subject, you want to place your ideas in the appropriate format. There are lots of topics to choose at and dissect. The Supreme Approach for Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay Once you have selected the subject, you must make sure your causal analysis essay follows a specific pattern, like the thesis statement, introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Another aim of the analytical essay is to assess thinking and that which you would do in various conditions. Your essay should be written i n the third person viewpoint. An analytical essay isn't a summary! Such an essay ought to have a suitable linkage which connects the body paragraphs. A cause and effect essay is comparable in structure to the majority of other essays, as it requires an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. When you make a causal argument essay you pick a topic which often begins with the word why. The truth is many a causal argument essay that doesn't produce a definitive answer can still obtain a fantastic evaluation. The raw dictionary simply increases the confusion. Take your time to thoroughly examine our cause and effect topics list till you locate a prompt that you're excited to write about. Truth and meaning in 1 domain don't necessarily indicate the exact same thing in various domains. The Fundamentals of Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay Revealed Kibin editors are content to help review your paper. The list below should help you become motivated and begin your writing at the same time. It is an impossible task to think of a good, impressive introduction before you know the remainder of the paper's content. Writing an excellent essay needs a very good comprehension of the appropriate techniques involved and for many men and women, knowing and understanding these techniques makes the entire process one that would benefit from another person doing the job. This sort of paper might cover the argument that fracking was practiced safely for decades. Such a paper intends to describe an issue and explain the principal component that has caused it.

Service Learning At Waite House - 2291 Words

Currently, I am engaging in service-learning at a non-profit organization called Waite House. This organization is located in Minneapolis, specifically in the Ventura Village neighborhood, which is located in the Phillips community. Engaging in service-learning at Waite House has been a positive experience for me thus far because I feel â€Å"at home,† both during the commute and the volunteering experience. The commute is approximately thirty minutes on the public bus and quite often I find myself enjoying the ride. The bus travels throughout various neighborhoods with people from many different backgrounds. While being on campus at the University of Minnesota, I do not experience much diversity in my daily life. Starting off my volunteer days with a bus ride of people who I can relate to in different ways makes the experience much more exciting and valuable for me. Specifically, I see people of all ages, speaking languages and slangs that I can understand. This makes the exp erience more exciting and valuable for me because I am comfortable in this environment; therefore, I do not feel forced to volunteer at Waite House. As soon as I arrive at Waite House I see the heart-warming smiles on the faces of most of the children as they walk off the school bus.. However, not everyone is smiling. Some of the children are angry because they do not like the idea of after-school programming or engaging in learning opportunities. Oddly enough, this enhances my service-learning experienceShow MoreRelatedA Cross-Cultural Research on Intimate Partner Murders in Russia, Canada, and the United States2368 Words   |  10 Pagesresearch is specifically addressing. 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The rest of the chapter is devoted to the theory of the elections, in which the moon plays an important part, and is introduced by a discussion of the impedimenta lunae, the unfavorable positions of the moon, whichRead MoreCorporate Communications - the Case of the Walt Disney Company13529 Words   |  55 PagesCSR .............................................................................. 40 4.6 Zero Waste....................................................................................................................... 42 4.7 Zero Net Direct Green Ho use Gas Omission .................................................................... 43 4.8 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 5 Internal CommunicationsRead MoreFedex - Management Case Study9964 Words   |  40 Pagesand success of the company. This company is nothing short of being the logistics arm of a whole new society that is building up in our economy—a society that isnt built around automobile and steel production, but that is built up instead around service industries and high technology endeavors in electronics and optics and medical science. It is the movement of these support items that Federal Express is all about. —Frederick W. Smith F rederick W. 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Dani has been extremely supportive and caring through this project, even on those frustrating not-so-productive days. Not once did she complain about my lack helping out around the house: skirting the laundry folding, dinner preparation and dish washing; all of which I blamed on this document. And she was always there when I needed her the most. I recently wrote in an op-ed for the International Association for Food Protection

Mental Health of a Person-Free-Sample for Student-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health of a Person. Answer: Introduction Mental health of a person refers to the emotional and psychological health of a person. World Health Organization (WHO) stated that it is a state of psychological health of a human being who is working at a suitable level of emotions and behavior. It affects our mental behavior, helps us to know the feelings, the ways to handle stress and keep good relation to others. Mental health is also very much important at every stage of the life, i.e. from childhood to adult (Cohen-Mansfield et al. 2017). Millions of people in Australia suffer from mental disorder such as depression, anxiety, drug addiction and personality disorders. Dementia is one among the mental disorder which leads to the declination of the mental ability. It is a group of symptoms which affects memory, ability to think and decide. Dementia generally causes memory loss but there are other reasons too for the loss of memory. Symptoms The symptom of dementia varies on the cause which includes both cognitive and psychological changes. The cognitive changes are memory loss, faces difficulty in communication, reasoning, doing their personal works, coordination, confusion and disorientation. The psychological changes are personality disorder, depression, anxiety, agitations and hallucinations (Low, Yap and Brodaty 2013). Dementia is caused due to damage of nerve cells in the brain, which occurs in several areas of the brain. It generally affects people depending on the region of the effects. Dementia can be caused by many factors. These are age, family history, Downs syndrome and cognitive impairment. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are generally temporary and always react to each and every changes going on in the surroundings. It is referred to the suppressing symptoms of dementia which includes changes in behavior such as agitation and aggression. BPSD have been defined as symptoms of distress, mood or behavior, found in patients with dementia. Other terms used for these symptoms include neuropsychiatric symptoms or non-cognitive symptoms (Taemeeyapradit, Udomittipong and Tepparak 2014). Two services, from different countries, or cultural groups within Australia, which support the person with BPSD. Consumer directed home and community care services for older persons Consumer directed care is a type of care where the treatment is done according to the choices of the patients. Customer coordinated home and group administrations programs give members and their delegates more decision with respect to their administrations than do customary projects (Fleiner et al. 2016). In customer coordinated projects, some piece of the control over administrations shifts from the expert to the individual with handicaps and his or her delegate. Contingent upon the program, purchasers might have the capacity to pick their administrations and backings, who will convey them, what's more, when they will be conveyed. Buyers might have the capacity to contract and terminate singular laborers, or, then again deal with an individual spending plan for administrations and backings. Those with dementia speak to a substantial minority of clients of Medicaid home and group mind programs. Their families enable them to stay at home by eagerly giving mind, frequently despite many difficulties, including behavioral side effects and expanded reliance as dementia advances (Fabbo et al. 2014). Elderly and non-elderly members in consumer coordinated projects and their family parental figures have better results identified with personal satisfaction, autonomy, and fulfillment with mind than the individuals who depend on organization administrations. Nature of care is in any event as great in purchaser coordinated projects. Vitally, thinks about have discovered no deliberate confirmation of mishandle and disregard of members in consumer directed programs. This confirmation is especially convincing in light of the fact that the outcomes are reliable over various distinctive nations with fluctuating social customs and projects (Fick et al. 2014). In spite of the many advantages, purchaser coordinated projects additionally introduce extraordinary difficulties for purchasers with dementia and their family parental figures (i.e., dementia families). Alongside potential advantages come expanded administration obligations regarding buyers. These obligations can be especially troublesome for dementia families to oversee. Individuals with dementia inevitably encounter loss of basic leadership limit and capacity to convey and in addition behavioral indications that can be hard to oversee. Family parental figures of individuals with dementia encounter more anxiety and poorer wellbeing results than do different parental figures (Macfarlane 2017). More established grown-ups with dementia or psychological weakness are at higher danger of mishandle and disregard, counting self disregard, than their companions, issues which likely come from the indications of dementia and parental figure trouble. Buyer coordinated home and group administrations programs give members and their delegates more decision in regards to their administrations than do conventional projects. In purchaser coordinated projects, some piece of the control over administrations shifts from the expert to the individual with incapacities and his or her agent. Contingent upon the program, buyers might have the capacity to pick their administrations and backings, who will convey them, also, when they will be conveyed (Chen et al. 2014). Purchasers might have the capacity to contract and terminate singular laborers, or, then again deal with an individual spending plan for administrations and backings. Those with dementia speak to a huge minority of clients of Medicaid home and group mind programs. Their families enable them to stay at home by readily giving mind, regularly even with many difficulties, including behavioral manifestations and expanded reliance as dementia advances. Individuals with handicaps and their parental figures, incorporating those with dementia, advantage from cooperation in customer coordinated projects. Elderly and non-elderly members in purchaser coordinated projects and their family parental figures have better results identified with personal satisfaction, autonomy, and fulfillment with mind than the individuals who depend on office administrations. Nature of care is in any event as great in buyer coordinated projects. Essentially, thinks about have discovered no orderly confirmation of manhandle and disregard of members in consumer directed programs. This proof is especially convincing in light of the fact that the outcomes are predictable over various diverse nations with differing social customs and projects. In spite of the many advantages, customer coordinated projects likewise display exceptional difficulties for buyers with dementia and their family parental figures (i.e., dementia families). Alongside potential advantages come expanded administration duties regarding purchasers. These duties can be especially troublesome for dementia families to oversee. Individuals with dementia in the long run encounter loss of basic leadership limit and capacity to impart and additionally behavioral side effects that can be hard to oversee. Family guardians of individuals with dementia encounter more anxiety and poorer wellbeing results than do different guardians. More seasoned grown-ups with dementia or psychological hindrance are at higher risks of abuse, counting self disregard, than their associates, issues which likely come from the indications of dementia and guardian trouble. Integrated care Integrated care is considered as a procedure to enhance the conveyance, effectiveness, customer results and fulfillment rates of social insurance. To coordinate the care from different suppliers into a customer centered administration, the agreements must be executed like streamline data. The Development Model for Integrated care (DMIC) depicts of 9 groups containing 89 components which are needed care of dementia. We have observationally approved this model and by evaluating the significance, usage and plans of the components in the integrated care settings. Criterion 1 pathophysiology of BPSD Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), otherwise called neuropsychiatric side effects, speak to a heterogeneous gathering of non-psychological side effects and practices happening in subjects with dementia. BPSD constitute a noteworthy segment of the dementia disorder regardless of its subtype. They are as clinically important as psychological side effects as they firmly relate with the level of utilitarian and subjective impedance. BPSD incorporate fomentation, unusual engine conduct, tension, joy, touchiness, melancholy, lack of concern, disinhibition, dreams, visualizations, and rest or craving changes. It is assessed that BPSD influence up to 90% of all dementia subjects throughout their ailment, and is freely connected with poor results, including trouble among patients and parental figures, long haul hospitalization, abuse of solution, and expanded human services costs. Despite of the truth that these side effects can be available independently it is more typ ical that different psychopathological components co-happen at the same time in a similar patient. In this manner, order of BPSD in bunches considering their regular course, forecast, and treatment reaction might be valuable in the clinical practice. The pathogenesis of BPSD has not been unmistakably depicted but rather it is likely the aftereffect of an unpredictable transaction of mental, social, and organic variables. Late investigations have accentuated the part of neuro-chemical, neuro-pathological, and hereditary elements fundamental the clinical indications of BPSD. A high level of clinical mastery is significant to suitably perceive and deal with the neuropsychiatric indications in a patient with dementia. Blend of non-pharmacological and watchful utilization of pharmacological mediations is the suggested restorative for overseeing BPSD. Given the unobtrusive viability of current techniques, there is an earnest need to recognize novel pharmacological targets and grow new non -pharmacological ways to deal with enhance the unfriendly results related with BPSD. Criterion 2 qualities of a reflective practitioner GPs and the staff (like nurses) have an important part for supporting the patients who are suffering from dementia. It is necessary that the persons suffering from dementia must go for a daily basis check up with their familiar doctor. Expanding role for the GP GPs need to develop their abilities to survey, distinguish (counting analyze) and treat dementia and its regular causes. Patients who you know have dementia however can't or won't go to authority centers ought not be denied of finding, support and drug. Conclusion of Dementia is a disorder (basically cerebrum disappointment) influencing higher elements of the mind. There are various diverse causes. There is no single 'dementia test'. Subjective decay, particularly memory misfortune alone, is not adequate to analyze dementia. There should be an effect on every day working identified with a decrease in the capacity to judge, think, design and compose. There is a related change in conduct, for example, enthusiastic lability, crabbiness, indifference or coarsening of social aptitudes. There must be proof of decay after some time (months or years as opposed to days or weeks) to make a conclusion of dementia insanity and dejection are the two most normal conditions in the differential det ermination. Criterion 4 Demonstration of the service models Costs and consumer preference have provoked a shift from long term hospital care of an elderly patient of dementia to home and community based care. The point of this audit is to assess the results of coordinated or purchaser coordinated home and group nurture more established people, incorporating those with dementia (Hirakawa, Chiang and Aoyama 2017). An efficient survey was led of non-therapeutic home and group tends to slight more seasoned people. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AgeLine, Scopus and PubMed were looked from 1994 to May 2009. Two specialists autonomously audited indexed lists. Thirty five papers were incorporated into this survey. Evidences suggested that randomized controlled trials demonstrated that case administration enhances work and suitable utilization of medicines, builds utilization of group benefits and lessens nursing home affirmation. Confirmation, for the most part from non-randomized trials, demonstrated that coordinated care expands benefit utilize; randomized trials detailed that incorporated care does not enhance clinical results. The least quality confirmation was for shopper coordinated care which seems to expand fulfillment with care and group benefit utilize yet has little impact on clinical results. Studies were heterogeneous in technique and results were not steady. The results of these models of care vary and relate to the model's core interest. (Low et al. 2013) Criterion 5 Pathophysiology of Dementia and BPSD The persons who are taking care of the dementia patient found that the behavioral symptoms are the most difficult and challenging effects of the disease. The carers must remember that it is the first and most important thing for them is to know the cause of the disease and the ways to do the treatment. Common BPSD in different stage of dementia Early stage Irritability Anxiety Depression Middle and late stage Sleep disturbances Physical or verbal outbursts Emotional distress Restlessness, pacing, shredding paper or tissues and yelling or wandering Delusions Hallucinations Others Aggression Anxiety or agitation Confusion Repetition Suspicion Bold behavior Inappropriate dressing People with dementia can act in various and capricious ways. Remember that the individual is not acting thusly intentionally. Causes dynamic decay of mind cells drug and therapeutic condition Reactions of professionally prescribed solution are another basic contributing component to behavioral manifestations. Symptoms are particularly liable to happen when people are taking numerous solutions for a few wellbeing conditions, as that makes the potential for tranquilize associations. Anybody encountering behavioral side effects ought to get an intensive medicinal assessment, particularly when manifestations show up all of a sudden. There are some cases which can trigger behavioral side effects that lead to contaminations of sinus, respiratory tracts, and issues with hearing or vision (Hum et al., 2014). Ecological impacts New environment, for example, moving to another habitation or nursing home Changes in the environment or parental figure courses of action Physical discomfort Overstimulation Convoluted assignments Baffling collaborations: failure to impart adequately Treatment With genuine treatment, side effects can be altogether decreased and settled. Successful treatment relies upon perceiving which manifestations the individual is encountering, making a cautious evaluation and distinguishing conceivable reasons for the side effects. Treatment regularly adopts a two dimensional strategy: non-sedate treatment systems and doctor prescribed solution. Criterion 6 Home and community care services expect to help the more established people to live freely in their homes, and to keep up or upgrade their personal satisfaction for whatever length of time that conceivable. A scope of administrations may add to this point including home nursing, housekeeping, shopping, transport, social gatherings, home visits and associated wellbeing. Administrations are conveyed through a scope of areas including general wellbeing, social administrations, and private for benefit or not-revenue driven associations. The subsidizing and regulatory frameworks through which administrations are conveyed contrast crosswise over and inside nations (Xiao et al. 2014). There was the most and most noteworthy quality proof, including from randomized controlled trials, that case administration enhances clinical results, diminishes nursing home confirmation and doctor's facility utilize (Nakanishi and Nakashima 2014). There was poorer quality proof, for the most part from non-randomized trials, that incorporated care builds benefit utilize, and higher quality confirmation from randomized trials that integrated care does not increase clinical results. The least quality confirmation was for consumer integrated care, which seems to build fulfillment with care and group benefit utilize however has little impact on purchaser results. Case administration diminished utilization of administrations, perhaps by diminishing the requirement for such administrations, however coordinated care expanded utilization of administrations, conceivably by encouraging access to required administrations (Hashimoto, Takamatsu and Kawashima 2015). Characteristics of dementia friendly environment Dementia-friendly design not only enhances the wellbeing of residents living with dementia but enables aged care providers to create sustainable environments. Thats according to architect Kirsty Bennett, manager of environmental design education services at the NSW/ACT Dementia Training Study Centre (DTSC), who said it was a myth that providers had to be simplistic when it came to designing dementia-friendly environments. Researches had shown that these principles helps to reduce the negative outcomes for people with dementia, such as agitation, confusion and wandering behaviors, and increase positive outcomes in areas such as mobility, way of finding and activities of daily living (Parmar et al. 2014). There are 10 principles of DTSC to maintain the conditions of dementia people. These principles are used to reduce the risk, to provide balance, reduce awkward condition, optimizing cooperative motivation, supporting progress and commitment, to create a familiar space, to provide opportunities to have some personal space establish good relation with the community and respond to an idea for way out of problems (Burns, Jayasinha and Brodaty 2017). Conclusion The qualities of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are seriousness among patients with dementia and their guardians' anxiety. A cross-sectional distinct investigation of 158 patients with dementia, blended vascular dementia and in a Hospital were chosen by a successive testing. The BPSD and seriousness of dementia was surveyed with the help of a questionnaire known as NPI-Q Thai, the Global Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), the Mini Mental Status Thai rendition 2002 (MMSE Thai 2002), and a clinical determination(Chen et al. 2017). Agreement of a therapist and a neurologist as indicated by demonstrative criteria of DSMIV-TR was accomplished for each patient. RESULTS: Overall, 90.5% had no less than one BPSD side effect. Basic side effects were peevishness (60.8%), rest issues (57%), wretchedness (54.5%), tension (52%), and unsettling/animosity (44.9%). The slightest basic manifestation was eating issues (23.5%). The parental figures appraised the patient 's physical manifestations as more extreme than mental side effects. The less effecting side effects included crabbiness, dejection, and nervousness. BPSD were usually found among patients with dementia (Iliffe, Manthorpe and Drennan 2017). The main five side effects were crabbiness, rest issues, melancholy, uneasiness, and unsettling/animosity. Assessment of BPSD, as well as feeling and enduring of the parental figures ought to be evaluated by utilizing the NPI-Q. This would enable the clinician to design fitting treatment. Physical side effects were seen via parental figures as causing the most anguish and pain, while mental manifestations were seen as less serious. Additionally studies ought to be done, for example, the elements identified with weight of parental figures of dementia with BPSD. References Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hai, T., Marcu, C. and Freedman, M., 2017. The ultimate outlier: Transitional care for persons with dementia and BPSD.Current Alzheimer research. Low, L. F., Yap, M., Brodaty, H. (2013). A systematic review of different models of home and community care services for older persons. BMC health services research, 11(1), 93. Taemeeyapradit, U., Udomittipong, D. and Tepparak, N., 2014. Characteristics of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, severity and levels of distress on caregivers.Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand= Chotmaihet thangphaet,97(4), pp.423-430. Fleiner, T., Dauth, H., Zijlstra, W. and Haeussermann, P., 2016, September. Effects of a Days-structured Training Program on mental and Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia Patients (BPSD)-Results of a randomized controlled Study. InZEITSCHRIFT FUR GERONTOLOGIE UND GERIATRIE(Vol. 49, pp. S58-S59). TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY: SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. Fabbo, A., De Vreese, L.P., De Salvatore, L. and Marchesi, C., 2014. Diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders in dementia: a the network of services in Modena according to the model ALCOVE.International Journal of Integrated Care,14(9). Fick, D.M., McDowell, J., Mion, L., Kolanowski, A., DiMeglio, B., Kitt-Lewis, E., Monroe, T. and Inouye, S.K., 2014. FACILITATING PERSON-CENTERED CARE FOR THE PREVENTION OF DELIRIUM IN HOSPITALIZED PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA.Alzheimer's Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association,10(4), pp.P530-P531. Macfarlane, S., 2017, May. TREATMENT OF DEMENTIA WITH BPSD-THE SBRT EXPERIENCE. InAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY(Vol. 51, pp. 65-65). 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. Chen, R.C., Liu, C.L., Lin, M.H., Peng, L.N., Chen, L.Y., Liu, L.K. and Chen, L.K., 2014. Non?pharmacological treatment reducing not only behavioral symptoms, but also psychotic symptoms of older adults with dementia: A prospective cohort study in Taiwan.Geriatrics gerontology international,14(2), pp.440-446. Hashimoto, Y., Takamatsu, A. and Kawashima, E., 2015. P. 5. b. 006 Tandospirone for anxiety and agitation in frontotemporal dementia.European Neuropsychopharmacology,25, p.S584. Burns, K., Jayasinha, R. and Brodaty, H., 2017. Evaluation of an electronic App developed to assist clinicians in the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).International Journal of HumanComputer Interaction, pp.1-9. Nakanishi, M. and Nakashima, T., 2014. Features of the Japanese national dementia strategy in comparison with international dementia policies: How should a national dementia policy interact with the public health-and social-care systems?.Alzheimer's Dementia,10(4), pp.468-476. Chen, L.Y., Lin, Y.T., Chen, L.K. and Loh, C.H., 2017. Person?centered dementia care for older veterans with dementia in Taiwan: Past, present and future.Geriatrics Gerontology International,17(S1), pp.4-6. Parmar, J., Dobbs, B., McKay, R., Kirwan, C., Cooper, T., Marin, A. and Gupta, N., 2014. Diagnosis and management of dementia in primary care.Canadian Family Physician,60(5), pp.457-465. Hum, S., Cohen, C., Persaud, M., Lee, J., Drummond, N., Dalziel, W. and Pimlott, N., 2014. Role expectations in dementia care among family physicians and specialists.Canadian geriatrics journal: CGJ,17(3), pp.95-102. Xiao, L.D., Wang, J., He, G.P., De Bellis, A., Verbeeck, J. and Kyriazopoulos, H., 2014. Family caregiver challenges in dementia care in Australia and China: a critical perspective.BMC geriatrics,14(1), p.6. Hirakawa, Y., Chiang, C. and Aoyama, A., 2017. A qualitative study on barriers to achieving high-quality, community-based integrated dementia care.Journal of Rural Medicine,12(1), pp.28-32. Iliffe, S., Manthorpe, J. and Drennan, V., 2017. Dementia care in the community: Challenges for primary health and social care.Dementia, p.161.

Native Literature Written By Natives Essays - English Words

Native Literature Written By Natives It is unfairly noted that Native Literature written by Natives offends many readers with its discussion of the first-hand social ills affecting fellow Natives. However, the typical stories of Euro-Canadian relations constructed outside the Aboriginal thought imprisons all Aboriginals into stereotypes which obscure and distort their very real experiences. The obligation of the Native artist is to remain grounded in cultural soil and ideals, which is determined by Euro-Canadian standards, while at the same time establishing a foundation of justice and truth within the context of their work. Ian Ross has addressed many of these social ills in his play fareWel. Using humor, characterization and personal experience Ross depicts reserve life from outside the Euro-Canadian perspective, as being hopeful despite the blatant despair and antagonism reserve life contains. The Partridge Crop Reserve in Manitoba is a fictional place where the fictional characters Melvin MacKay, Sheldon Traverse, R achel Traverse, Phyllis Bruce, Teddy Sinclair, and Robert Traverse, become muses through which Ross uses to convey poignant information about the need for social reform for social ills. The representation of the treatment of Native women throughout history has been from a one-sided view. Either they were seen as unequal or as royalty, resulting in being branded as squaws or Indian Princess by the people who adhere to the Christian point of view. Ross seems to understand this falsehood and attempts to rectify it with the creation of the characters Phyllis Bruce and Rachel Traverse. They are both reserved based Native Women, who lived a hard and fast life, but respect the church, however they are neither squaws nor Indian Princesses. Phyllis is a single-parent who was beaten by her husband but attempts to use this experience to strengthen Rachel by saying, You can hide in the roof here OK? That's where I used to hide so I didn't get beat up (pg.66). There are few options for Native, u neducated, and single-parent women and Phyllis chooses to use her mind to fight the struggle which emphasizes the significant role woman as mothers and providers are forced to play. Also throughout the play Phyllis is constantly looking for a way to feed her kids while in the same thought explores how to feed a church full of people with sardines and moldy bread (pg.66). This highly illustrates that despite the obvious misfortune that Phyllis is entwined in she stills feels compelled to do her duty to her church, her friends, and herself. Phyllis is the symbol of strength for her enduring and overcoming. Rachel was created to emphasize the insurmountable difficulties that Native women face, first as being the Native woman, and second, for being unable to achieve economic or social value. She relays this message to the reader when she states, ?and when I left here I realized what I was?A woman. A Native woman. With no education. No money. No future. (pg. 68) In order to gain economic value she had to prostitute herself due to the lack of adequate means to legitimate opportunities. It is a horror that is greatly misinterpreted by her fellow Natives for instance, Teddy constantly refers to her as a hooker (pg. 58) or a slut (pg.59), which only proves that the spirit of a native woman can never be broken. In her desperate attempts to gain economic freedom she was unfairly judged and subsequently lost social status. Although Rachel yearns to leave the reserve it is her deep sense of hope that the reserve will overcome the turmoil that keeps her there. Her welfare check also keeps her in a constant reality check because without it she is forced to resort to being the whore(pg.59) It is Rachel and Phyllis that truly define the meaning of hope with their conquests for self betterment. The essence of this play is captured by its ability to add comic relief in its context through each characters unique disposition. But, it is Nigger with his abnormal actions, thoughts a nd appearance, which brings humor to the play the most efficiently. Our first experience with Nigger is when Animush (pg.22) attacks him leaving him with an open scar and torn jeans. The humor lies in the image of Nigger who

Operation Gomorrah in World War II

Operation Gomorrah in World War II Operation Gomorrah - Conflict: Operation Gomorrah was an aerial bombing campaign that occurred in the European Theater of Operations during World War II (1939-1945). Operation Gomorrah - Dates: The orders for Operation Gomorrah were signed on May 27, 1943. Commencing on the night of July 24, 1943, the bombing continued until August 3. Operation Gomorrah - Commanders Forces: Allies Air Chief Marshal Arthur Bomber Harris, Royal Air ForceMajor General Ira C. Eaker, US Army Air ForceBritish: approx. 700 bombers per raidAmericans: approx. 50-70 bombers per raid Operation Gomorrah - Results: Operation Gomorrah destroyed a significant percentage of the city of Hamburg, leaving over 1 million residents homeless and killing 40,000-50,000 civilians. In the immediate wake of the raids, over two-thirds of Hamburgs population fled the city. The raids severely shook the Nazi leadership, leading Hitler to be concerned that similar raids on other cities could force Germany out of the war. Operation Gomorrah - Overview: Conceived by Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Air Chief Marshal Arthur Bomber Harris, Operation Gomorrah called for a coordinated, sustained bombing campaign against the German port city of Hamburg. The campaign was the first operation to feature coordinated bombing between the Royal Air Force and the US Army Air Force, with the British bombing by night and the Americans conducting precision strikes by day. On May 27, 1943, Harris signed Bomber Command Order No. 173 authorizing the operation to move forward. The night of July 24 was selected for the first strike. To aid in the operations success, RAF Bomber Command decided to debut two new additions to its arsenal as part of Gomorrah. The first of these was the H2S radar scanning system which provided bomber crews with a TV-like image of the ground below. The other was a system known as Window. The forerunner of modern chaff, Window was bundles of aluminum foil strips carried by each bomber, which, when released, would disrupt German radar. On the night of July 24, 740 RAF bombers descended on Hamburg. Led by H2S equipped Pathfinders, the planes struck their targets and returned home with a loss of only 12 aircraft. This raid was followed up the next day when 68 American B-17s struck Hamburgs U-boat pens and shipyards. The next day, another American attack destroyed the citys power plant. The high point of the operation came on the night of July 27, when 700 RAF bombers ignited a firestorm causing 150 mph winds and 1,800Â ° temperatures, leading even the asphalt to burst into flames. Strung out from the previous days bombing, and with the citys infrastructure demolished, German fire crews were unable to effectively combat the raging inferno. The majority of German casualties occurred as the result of the firestorm. While the night raids continued for another week until the operations conclusion on August 3, the American daytime bombings ceased after the first two days due to smoke from the previous nights bombings obscuring their targets. In addition to the civilian casualties, Operation Gomorrah destroyed over 16,000 apartment buildings and reduced ten square miles of the city to rubble. This tremendous damage, coupled with the relatively small loss of aircraft, led Allied commanders to consider Operation Gomorrah a success.

Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms

Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms By Maeve Maddox When it comes to some irregular verbs, I really hate to see the old past participle forms regularized to the dominant -ed ending. Heres an odd regularization of split: Data is splitted between the protocols HTTP and FTP. To be fair, I found this example on a site belonging to a company based in Germany. Its a logical mistake for a non-native English speaker. Split is one of those rare verbs that never changes its form: Today they split the data. Yesterday they split the data. The data is split between protocols. The data has been split. This next example is from an online chat: the Rabbi of Bardichevalways seeked to judge Jews favorably As far as I can tell, the site is based in the U.S. The person who typed this sentence is well-educated. I have no way of knowing if hes a native English speaker, but Im pretty sure that he is. It may be that seek is undergoing the same change as slay. Ive often expressed my aversion to slayed as the simple past of slay, to kill. I much prefer the forms slay, slew, (have) slain. Ill continue to use the old forms in my own writing, but I realize that many other writers are going with the -ed forms. Unlike slayed, Ive never seen seeked before. I hope this is just a personal aberration. The -ed change has already taken place with seeks cousin, beseech: to beg urgently. Both words derive from Old English secan, visit, inquire, pursue. He beseeched her to change her mind raises no hackles for me, although I might still find a use for besought in my writing. What do readers think? Should all English verbs be regularized to -ed forms? Or do you have old-fashioned favorites youd hate to see make the change? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

A report for Real Coffee LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A report for Real Coffee LTD - Essay Example This paper aims to present the challenges that Real Coffee Ltd, a family business in Oxfordshire, has to face in order to secure its growth in the long term. Keeping its products at high quality and emphasizing on the quality of customer services have been considered as strategic priorities in Real Coffee Ltd. However, through the years the increase of competition has led to the need for the introduction of certain changes especially in regard to specific parts of the business, such as HR and marketing. These changes could be successfully implemented only if they were appropriately designed and supported by all members of the business. The trends that characterize the coffee shop industry in UK should be taken into consideration when developing such plan. The potential need of a transition period for alternating the existing strategy of the business should not be an obstacle for promoting change in Real Coffee Ltd. since the expected benefits would be significantly higher than the co sts and the risk involved. Part 1 – External Analysis 1.1 Analysis of the macro environment Social The high percentage of population in UK is between 25 and 54 years old (Index Mundi 2013); the specific part of the population represents the 41.2% of the country’s population. ... On the other hand, the rate of ageing of population in Britain is quite high. According to a recent report, during the last two decades the number of people under 65 in Britain has been significantly increased reaching today the 5 million (Independent 2013); existing trends showing the rapid ageing of Britain’s population, a phenomenon that is expected to be continued, at least in the near future (Independent 2013). Economic The economy of UK seems to keep its strength, despite pressures in markets worldwide. Indeed, from July to September of this year an increase of the country’s economic performance by 0.8% was reported, a fact that allows businesses across UK to make plans for growth (BBC News 2013). The above growth was combined with an increase of GDP in UK; this increase was estimated to 0.7%, for the period between April and June 2013 (BBC News 2013). Even if this growth was limited it, still, shows the potential of UK economy to secure its performance even durin g periods of global financial crisis. Indeed, during the third quarter of 2013 a further increase of UK’s GDP was achieved; the increase was estimated at 0.80% and indicates the stable growth of UK economy, a growth that is highly based on the development of the services sector which represents the 75% of the country’s economy (Trading Economics 2013). 1.2 Industry Analysis In order to understand the potentials of Real Coffee Ltd to achieve a stable growth it would be necessary to refer to the performance of coffee shops industry, as this performance is affected by the industry’s competitive forces. The coffee shops industry can be characterized as a key part of UK market; in fact, in 2012 the industry’s performance

Company Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Company Overview - Essay Example Mr. Daryl Scholz is a project management coordinator that utilizes project management methodologies to plan, implement, and evaluate projects related to technology for the Information Technology Services department. Scholz works with numerous projects including, curriculum navigator, map works, student dashboard, centralized ticketing, web CMS, and the student portal. Even though Mr. Daryl Scholz is managing many projects, we narrowed it down to his latest accomplishment, the HuskeyNet Student Portal. The purpose of the HuskeyNet Student Portal Project was to create a user-friendly, customizable portal for student to use. It was student tested and students can implement ideas and suggestions to how or what they want the portal to have. Every project come with a challenge and the student portal did not escape to the rule. After working on the student health services and backing up thousands of student files. The student portal appeared at first sight to be an easier project. After meeting with different constituent and stockholder, they soon realize that the task was far from being a small project. Many aspects involved in this project was crucial to the success and satisfaction of students. â€Å" K and his team developed a plan that will help reach their goals. A time has to be set for the project to be delivered as soon as possible for student to be able test and implement it by fall 2012 with a period set , of one year and half, the team started refining and giving life to the project. At first sight the project presented many strength and opportunities. Students were thrill by this new look and were anxious to come and see it coming alive. The student portal was a great opportunity for workers to expand their professional skills. Instead of using it the same skills over and over again they had to master software like java. Despite K and his team was still worried about some weakness and threats that may appear along the way

The drug war is not working Essay Example for Free

The drug war is not working Essay That is certainly true if we assume, as he does, that the purpose of the drug war is to induce Americans to consume only approved drugs. But as the war wears on, we have to wonder what its purposes really are. If its purpose is to make criminals out of one in three African-American males, it has succeeded. If its purpose is to create one of the highest crime rates in the world and thus to provide permanent fodder for demagogues who decry crime and promise to do something about it it is achieving that end. If its purpose is de facto repeal of the Bill of Rights, victory is well in sight. If its purpose is to transfer individual freedom to the central government, it is carrying that off as well as any of our real wars did. If its purpose is to destroy our inner cities by making them war zones, triumph is near. Most of the results of the drug war, of which the essayists here complain, were widely observed during alcohol prohibition. Everyone should have known that the same fate would follow if the Prohibition approach were merely transferred to different drugs. It has been clear for over a decade that Milton Friedmans warnings about Prohibition redux have been borne out (see his Prohibition and Drugs, Newsweek, May 1, 1972). At some point, the consequences of a social policy become so palpable that deliberate continuation of the policy incorporates those consequences into the policy. We are near if not past that point with drug prohibition. For forty years following the repeal of alcohol prohibition, we treated drug prohibition as we did other laws against vice: we didnt take it very seriously. As we were extricating ourselves from the Vietnam War, however, Richard Nixon declared all-out global war on the drug menace, and the militarization of the problem began. After Ronald Reagan redeclared that war, and George Bush did the same, we had a drug-war budget that was 1,000 times what it was when Nixon first discovered the new enemy. The objectives of the drug war are obscured in order to prevent evaluation. A common claim, for example, is that prohibition is part of the nations effort to prevent serious crime. Bill Clintons drug czar, Dr. Lee Brown, testified before Congress: Drugs especially addictive, hard-core drug use are behind much of the crime we see on our streets today, both those crimes committed by users to finance their lifestyles and those committed by traffickers and dealers fighting for territory and turf. . . . Moreover, there is a level of fear in our communities that is, I believe, unprecedented in our history . . . If these remarks had been preceded by two words, Prohibition of, the statement would have been correct, and the political reverberations would have been deafening. Instead, Dr.Brown implied that drug consumption is by itself responsible for turf wars and the other enumerated evils, an implication which he and every other drug warrior know is false. The only possibility more daunting than that our leaders are dissembling is that they might actually believe the nonsense they purvey. I have little to add to the catalogue of drug-war casualties in the other essays assembled here. I do, however, see another angle of entry for Mr. Buckleys efforts at quantification. I have argued elsewhere that the drug war is responsible for at least half of our serious crime. A panel of experts consulted by U. S. News World Report put the annual dollar cost of Americas crime at $674 billion. Half of that, $337 billion, was the total federal budget as recently as 1975. The crime costs of drug prohibition alone may equal 150 per cent of the entire federal welfare budget for 1995. I also think Mr. Buckley understates the nonquantifiable loss of what he quaintly refers to as amenities. Not only is it nearly suicidal to walk alone in Central Park at night, it is impossible in sections of some cities safely to leave ones home, or to remain there. Some Americans sleep in their bathtubs hoping they are bullet-proof. Prohibition-generated violence is destroying large sections of American cities. We can have our drug war or we can have healthy cities; we cannot have both. In this collection of essays, we critics have focused on the costs of the drug war. The warriors could justly complain if we failed to mention the benefits. So lets take a look at the benefit side of the equation. Were it not for the drug war, the prohibitionists say, we might be a nation of zombies. The DEA pulled the figure of 60 million from the sky: thats how many cocaine users they say we would have if it werent for prohibition. Joseph Califanos colleague at the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Dr. Herbert Kleber, a former assistant to William Bennett, puts the number of cocaine users after repeal at a more modest 20 to 25 million. In contrast, government surveys suggest that only about 3 million Americans currently use cocaine even occasionally and fewer than 500,000 use it weekly. The prohibitionists scenarios have no basis either in our history or in other cultures. In many countries, heroin and cocaine are cheap and at least de facto legal. Mexico is awash in cheap drugs, yet our own State Department says that Mexico does not have a serious drug problem. Neither cocaine nor heroin is habitually consumed by more than a small fraction of the residents of any country in the world. There is no reason to suppose that Americans would be the single exception. Lee Brown used to rely on alcohol prohibition as proof that legalization would addict the nation, asserting that alcohol consumption shot straight up when Prohibition was repealed. He no longer claims that, it having been pointed out to him that alcohol consumption increased only about 25 per cent in the years following repeal. Yet even assuming, contrary to that experience, that ingestion of currently illegal drugs would double or triple following repeal, preventing such increased consumption still cannot be counted a true benefit of drug prohibition. After repeal, the drugs would be regulated; their purity and potency would be disclosed on the package, as Mr. Buckley points out, together with appropriate warnings. Deaths from overdoses and toxic reactions would be reduced, not increased. Moreover, as Richard Cowan has explained (NR, How the Narcs Created Crack, Dec. 5, 1986), the drugs consumed after repeal would be less potent than those ingested under prohibition. Before alcohol prohibition, we were a nation of beer drinkers. Prohibition pushed us toward hard liquor, a habit from which we are still recovering. Before the Harrison Act, many Americans took their cocaine in highly diluted forms, such as Coca-Cola. We would also end the cruel practices described by Ethan Nadelmann wherein we deny pain medication to those who need it, preclude the medical use of marijuana, and compel drug users to share needles and thus to spread deadly diseases. The proportion of users who would consume the drugs without substantial health or other problems would be greatly increased. In comparison to any plausible post-repeal scenario, therefore, there simply are no health benefits achieved by prohibition.

William Tyndale :: essays research papers

The smell over whelming in the air. The brunt flesh cast a shadow with the dark smoke that the fire created. Some people cheered, some people cried, and yet others smiled greedily under hidden cloaks. The people of England had decided to burn one man that stood up and translated the bible from the original manuscripts into what we have today. William Tyndale cried out with his last breath, " O Lord, open the King of England's eyes." The executioner first strangled Tyndale in order to keep him quiet about "his" word of God. William Tyndale has since become known as "The Father of the English Bible." Without Tyndale and his translation of the original manuscripts later versions of the English bible would not be available. William Hutchinson, later changed to Tyndale, was born around the date of 1494 AD. Tyndale had an exceptional gift of speaking over seven known languages. Tyndale attended Oxford University and in 1512 he received his Bachelors Degree. After another three years at Oxford University Tyndale graduated with a Masters Degree. In order to support his education William Tyndale tutored students from the higher class society. Tyndale joined the group called "the White Horse Society." This group gathered together in order to discuss the teachings of Erasmus and Luther. Then Tyndale was learned and well practiced in God's matters, spared not to show unto them simply and plainly his judgment, and when they at any time did vary from Tyndale in opinions, he would show them in the Book, and lay plainly before them the open and manifest places of the Scriptures, to confute their errors, and confirm his sayings. And thus continued they for a certain season, reasoning and contending together divers times, until at length they waxed weary, and bare a secret grudge in their hearts against him. As this grew on, the priests of the country, clustering together, began to grudge and storm against Tyndale, railing against him in alehouses and other places, affirming that his sayings were heresy; and accused him secretly to the chancellor, and others of the bishop's officers. After a few short years Tyndale left "the White Horse Society" and moved back home to teach children. Tyndale preached at Saint Austen's Green which resided in front of the Cathedral of Bristol. During Tyndale's stay at home he caused a commotion that consisted charging him with heresy. All of this was due to the teachings of the "Lollardry.

Monopoly and American values Essay

In societies all over the world the board game Monopoly is played by children and adults. The Parker Brother’s game has been sold in 37 different languages; over 200 million copies have been sold, is claimed to be the most popular game, and has also been sold in 103 countries. In America millions have played and is a normal and acceptable â€Å"American Past Time. † From a functionalist perspective the board game teaches and expresses many of the American values such as; equal opportunity, personal achievement and success, obtaining material comfort, progress, and the idea of democracy and free enterprise. The functionalist perspective represents society as system containing various parts that all work together to achieve social solidarity. In a post-industrial society, how does the game of Monopoly socialize people to the American Values? Society sure does function together and is well structured for the benefit of citizens, government, and entrepreneurs. The board game Monopoly has many rules and norms. There have even been Monopoly Etiquette Guides written for the serious players as well as tournament players. The recommended age for play is eight years of age and older and a minimum of two players. In America most of those with siblings of children understand how wrong a game of Monopoly can turn into a big fight. The rules of the game are pretty easy to follow. The object of the game is to become the wealthiest player through buying, renting and selling property. Each player is given $1500 to begin the game. A player must be elected to be the banker and sell property, houses, hotels, and pay the $200 salary that is collected each time a player passes go. The banker is also responsible for collecting fines and taxes owed. The spaces on the board are all labeled and include; GO, Jail, Chance, Community Chest, Taxes, Free Parking, and pay rent when landing on an opponent’s improved property. Each player is represented by a token which is a symbol of the game. These include; a wheel barrow, a car, an iron, a thimble, a cowboy on a horse, a dog , a pot of gold, a top hat, a ship, a boot, or a cannon. Each player is subject to going bankrupt, therefore increasing the other player’s chance of finding wealth. American society is very similar to the game of Monopoly. Players are socialized to these ideas which represent the values of America. Equal opportunity is taught by everyone beginning with the same amount of money, $1500, as well as $200 salary collected with each rotation around the board. Personal achievement and success is demonstrated on becoming the wealthiest player and to own the most property. Striving and working for material comfort is taught through collecting a salary and improving your owned properties, as well as collecting rent. Progress is a value in America that is evaluated by members of society on a daily basis. Progress in the game Monopoly is measured by wealth and property owned and creating a monopoly on resources, buildings, and property. The last important American value taught to players is democracy and free enterprise. The consensus of Monopoly is that it is a fun game to play. The manifest function of Monopoly is to entertain a group of players whether they are children, adolescents, or adults. The latent function is teaching players to think solely of themselves and not their neighbor who they should help. Greed is taught due to the emphasis of becoming the wealthiest player. The most witnessed latent function of Monopoly being causing dishonesty, anger, and even fighting between competitors. Although there are some negatives against the game the most important role is promoting social solidarity by encouraging a better community effort. Progress takes everyone’s help not just a few. Two options were given for a research assignment at the beginning of the course. Option one was to choose a category from; film, sports, or advertising. The second option was to read a book outside of class that focuses on Wal-Mart, minimum wage jobs for women, or how fast food has created a â€Å"now† demand for all of America’s services. The option selected for a personal interest was sports. More specifically how gender plays a role in the racing world. How are women and men treated differently? A major focus will be on drag racing and how times have changed as far as who can and cannot race as demonstrated by NHRA (National Hot Rod Association) Drag Racing. In conclusion Monopoly helps teach and spread the ideas of American culture. Players are to become the wealthiest and may have a higher social status as they can win Monopoly. A study in 2005 found that American’s value self expression more than survival. (Macionis pg. 49) This is even taught through Monopoly by being able to select how you build your property and by picking your game piece to represent yourself. A comparative study found that in 1969 the goal of first year college students was to â€Å"Develop a meaningful philosophy of life† in contrast to 2005 first year college students are wanting â€Å"to be very well off financially†. (Macionis pg. 56) Today in America having wealth is sought by all citizens but few find extreme wealth. According to the values of American’s material comfort should be worked for and can be more important than survival. With the ideas of democracy and free enterprise being key concepts of the game it is not surprising to find that globally approximately 46% of the worlds countries are â€Å"politically free†. (Macionis pg. 44) Although the game has been published in 37 different languages, English is a very common first language as well as a common second language across the globe. (Macionius pg. 47) Following the same thought nearly all of the United States speaks English or Spanish in the home. (Macionius pg. 56)This allows for the further acknowledgement of the American Values to many societies. Overall the game of Monopoly socializes people of many cultures to the American values. All of the American values encourage a person to think personally rather than globally.

Mnc and Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia Essay

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) in Malaysia Over the Past Decade: A Detailed Look at their Determinants, Patterns and Effects. 1.1 Multinational Corporation and Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia Primarily, Multinational Corporations or also known as MNC is defined as a firm that has an extensive involvement in international business, owning or controlling facilities in several different countries other than its home country. In other words, firm or group that derives a quarter of its revenue from operations outside of its home country is considered as a MNC. Typically, these types of companies have offices or factories in different countries and continents, but they are controlled by a centralized head office that is responsible for the coordination of the global management. For such companies, the expansion and penetration into foreign market can commonly be achieved via exporting, licensing, joint venture and also foreign direct investment . Foreign direct investment or also called as FDI is a term that is commonly and closely linked to MNC and it is described as an investment made by a company or entity that is based on country into a company or entity based in another country. In order for a firm or corporation to become multinational, they must first acquire a controlling stake in foreign firm. This can be achieved by newly creating a foreign firm (international Greenfield investment), acquiring an existing foreign firm through international merger and acquisition and also through joint ventures. Inflows of FDI into a host country greatly affect the overall development of its economy due to the fact that FDI provides external source of capital, management skills, new technologies and also job opportunities. Since Malaysia first opened its door to FDI in the early 1960s, Malaysia has been receiving a steady arrival of MNC from around the world (Bernama 2012), including from Asian countries and as further as European co untries and the United States. Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA), have reported that more than 4000 foreign international companies have set their presence in Malaysia as their offshore base (MIDA, 2009). Among the MNC that have the presence in Malaysia are Dell, Intel, Shell, GlaxoSmith Kline (GSK), Schlumberger and many others. Besides the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, other states that have successfully attract MNCs and investors include Penang and Johor Bahru. According to time Magazine, in the manufacturing industry, Penang is  featured as among the preferred destinations for MNCs due to several factors such as logistics and geography. This is also in line with the Federal Government initiative to develop Penang into the third metropolis in the country, after Klang Valley and Johor Bahru. 1.2 Determinant As mentioned before, from the time Malaysia undergone into the transformation from an agricultural-based nation to manufacturing-service based nation and from the opening of its door to FDI, the number of MNC present in Malaysia has shown an increasing pattern. According to Business Times (2012) Malaysia has emerged as the fifth most popular destination for FDI in Asia in the year 2011, with an increase of 31.5 per cent from 2010 to US$11.97 (RM 37.83 billion). At 44 per cent, manufacturing sector continued to be the major contributor to FDI inflows, followed by service sector (35 per cent), mining and quarrying (20.1 per cent), and also forestry and fishing at 0.3 percent (Business Times 2012). Malaysia is also showing a positive outlook as the Economist Corporate Network’s Asia Business Outlook Survey 2012 have shown that half of the 500 multinational companies were planning to increase their investment in Malaysia in the year of 2012. The survey done also revealed that in the aspect of investment priorities for those MNCs, Malaysia is now ranking at number seven out of 12 Asian countries, while in terms of market attractiveness for the purpose of production and manufacturing; Malaysia is ranking at number four. There are definitely several determinants that resulted in such development. One of the major factors that attracted investors to Malaysia would be the commitment by the government to sustain a business setting that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits (Iskandar Malaysia 2012). The commitment is reflected in the government’s continuous efforts to obtain feedback from the business community through channels of consultation like regular government-private sector dialogues. Such dialogues will give the various business communities the opportunity to voice out their views and at the same time to contribute towards the formulation of government policies which concern them. Additionally, Malaysian government has also been very proactive in attracting foreign investment into Malaysia through several policy reforms such as the Investment Incentives Act 1968 that was then repealed and replaced by The Promotion of Investment Act 1986 (PIA 1986). There are three main incentives covered under this Act, namely Pioneer Status, Investment  Tax Allowance and Infrastructure Allowance (KPMG 2005). Pioneer status incentives provide full or partial exemption from the payment of income tax, whereas Investment Tax Allowance provides company with an allowance based on qualifying capital expenditure incurred. In similar manner, Infrastructure Allowance is granted to companies resident in Malaysia which has incurred capital expenditure on infrastructure in respect of business in operation in a promoted area. The introduction of this Act further encourages investment activities in this country, especially in manufacturing industries and it has resulted in the increased number of foreign investors coming into Malaysia. This is shown in the vast increased of share of foreign proposed capital investment in the approved manufacturing project from 19% in 1984 to 64% in 1992. Besides the establishment of Free Trade Zone, the introduction of more liberal incentives under PIA 1986 that allows larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in enterprise is also one of the determinants that draw large inflow of FDI into Malaysia. In addition to the government incentives, there are also various policies formulated by the government with the aim to further enhance the attractiveness of Malaysia as the go-to location for FDI. In 2011, several key initiatives have been implemented which comprise of Economic Transformation Program (ETP) and the 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP). These policies lay down the foundation for the country’s transformation into a high income economy, as foreseen in the New Economic Model (NEM). With this implementation, Malaysia continues to be a cost competitive location that has been able to proficiently attract project with significant level of investment (MIDA 2011). Apart from the policy factors, other factors that attract FDI and MNC are the well-developed infrastructure of Malaysia that is aimed to serve the business community. According to World Investment Report of 2008, MNCs usually invest in countries that have well established network of transportation as well as communication facilities (Alex, et. all 2010). Malaysia undoubtedly fulfill the needs of logistic and communication within its boundary particularly in the Peninsula of Malaysia. These well maintained PLUS highways is an advantage to industries as it link major city centers to seaports and airports throughout the peninsula, thus providing an efficient and effective means of transportation for goods. Complementary to these highways, a Kuala Lumpur-Bangkok-Kuala Lumpur containerized service that is known as the Asean  Rail Express (ARX) has been initiated with the aim of expanding it to become Trans-Asia Rail Link that will comprise of Singapore, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and ending up in China (Iskandar Malaysia 2012). In addition to that, the five international airports and seven international seaports definitely make Malaysia an ideal springboard to the Asia Pacific Market (Trade Chakra 2009). As for communication, subsequent to the successful privatization of its Telecommunication department, Malaysia’s telecommunication network has come a long way with the latest digital and fiber optics technology being utilized to provide supreme quality telecommunication service at competitive price. Other than the determinant discussed above, another major factor that attract FDI into Malaysia is the good environment and the political stability of this country (Har et. all 2008). Despite the several crises that arose recently, Malaysia political environment is still considered as relatively stable in comparison to other countries such as Thailand. Sound environment and stable political environment have attracted many foreign investors to invest in Malaysia because with such stable condition, investors and MNCs will face fewer problem and they will be able to run their business more conveniently and efficiently. According to Ajami and Ricks (1981), the political stability of a country has a positive impact on FDI because political stability is vital in creating a climate of confidence for investor. Bernama (2007) have also reported that the presence of MNCs especially those that have set up regional operating headquarters is a vote of their strong confidence in the strength of the country’s political and economic system. 1.3 Pattern of FDI in Malaysia *Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Over the past decades, Malaysia ha s been received lots of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI). The flow has reached its peak in 1988 to 1993 and started to decrease after 1996 due to Asian Financial Crisis as well as world trade recession that hit Malaysia apart from other countries. From the graph above, the pattern of FDI flow into Malaysia from year 2000 to 2011 can be observed. It shows that the inflow is inconsistent and fluctuates randomly. However, in overall, Malaysia has attracted a steady inflow of net FDI in the recent decade, averaging 3% of GDP per annum with a peak of 4.5% of GDP in 2007(Har, et. al., 2008). According to UNCTAD’s World Investment Prospects & Survey, 2011-2013, Malaysia has been ranked as one of  the top host economies for FDI in 2011-2013. In year 2001, the figures for FDI is much lower compare to the other years due to global trend and collapsed of technology bubble and it increases back in year 2002(The Star Newpaper, 25 March 2010). And this trend once again can be seen during 2009, where the FDI has relatively declined greatly from 2 008 because lack of confidence from the foreign investors due to global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009 as mentioned by the Chief Economist RAM Holdings Bhd Dr Yeah Kim Leng(The Star Newspaper, 25 March 2010) and further dampened by the contraction of Malaysia’s export activities. During 2009, although the government tries to promote and attract more investors by promoting more freedom to the investors, it still did not work out. The FDI dropped by 81% which is from US$7.3bil in 2008 to US$1.4bil in 2009. Whereas from year 2006 to 2008, the FDI in Malaysia is much higher than those previous years because during this period, activities like MNEs mergers and acquisitions, establishment of joint ventures and other new investment activities took place which attract more investors to invest in Malaysia. After the crisis in year 2009, the Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) has increased tremendously in year 2010 with most FDI originated from Asian countries. *Sources : Department of Statistics Malaysia One the reason that led to the FDI increment in 2010 was the purchasing activities of US$1billion worth of stake from a local company by the Company from Republic of Korea. During the period of 2006-2009, there are 3 sectors or industries that dominated the FDI received namely the manufacturing, services and oil and gas sectors. Based on the below chart, comparing with all the industries in Malaysia, manufacturing industries shows a highest figures or amount of FDI received and followed by a service sector etc(NST business Times,6th July 2012). And according to Bank Negara annual report, 41% of the FDI received were found in the manufacturing sector whereas services and oil and gas both received 37% and 17% respectively. *Adopted from CEIC *Sources : Department of Statistics Malaysia Last year, among all the states in Malaysia, Penang has received the highest amount of FDI which exceeded the other states followed by Sarawak(Shazwan Mustafa Kamal,2011). From below data, Selangor has contributed most GDP since year 2000 until 2009. And it were reported that most of the GDP were contributed from the non-local company, showing that  there has been high foreign investment within that state. However, in 2011, Penang has showed an improvement in attracting FDI by surpassing Selangor in receiving FDI and maintain in the top list for 2 years since 2010. (more graph in the appendix) 1.4 Effects of FDI on Malaysia. Over the years, there are many impacts of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) towards Malaysia in many aspects. One of the distinct effects of FDI on Malaysia is the growth of the country’s economy ever since 1990s especially in the manufacturing sector like petroleum, chemical industries and etc by increasing the domestic capital. Hence, the production capacity also increases and further leads to economic growth. This later creates a favorable investment environment that could help in attracting other investment from other investors and further increase the FDI into the country. According to Krugman and Obstfeld (1994), â€Å"FDI functions as one way to bridge an inter-temporal gap of capital demand and supply, and, like other capital inflows, increases the production frontier of developing countries, which normally suffer a shortage of capital†. The economic growth in Malaysia can be seen through the growth of its GDP as shown in the below graph. Malaysia’s GDP seems to be steadily increased in year 2005-2007 where the FDI is high and declined in year 2009 where the global financial crisis affected Malaysia. From the perspective of employment in Malaysia, the FDI inflow by the Multinational Companies has caused an increase in the domestic employment rate. More job opportunities were created and offered to the citizens in Malaysia especially in the manufacturing sector due to the economy expansion in Malaysia. The standard of living of Malaysians is now getting better and better. This can be observed in below data: During the year 2007, when the growth rate for Malaysia is the highest, there is less unemployment, showing that there have been more job opportunities that lead to better employment rate. And when the employment rate increase, the standard of living also increased among Malaysian. Based on the graph above, the rate for unemployment in year 2009 is the highest. This is when the growth rate in Malaysia is the lowest. People are losing job due to less job opportunities and bad economy during that period. According to Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department Tan Sri Nor Mohd Yakcop, 3.3millions of job opportunities has arisen in 2011 after the implementation of the Economic Transformation Programme that has  been used to attract foreign investors(Raina Ng, 23 September 2011). Apart from that, FDI has been an important vehicle in transferring many aspects such as new technologies, management and production skills and knowledge. There has been an improvement on the level of skills and knowledge amongst the employees in Malaysia and our local entrepreneurs. When the multinational company brings in their expertise to Malaysia, indirectly Malaysian will be able to learn some skills and knowledge from the foreigners through training or hands-on learning and improve on their technical capabilities. Employees in Malaysia are more expose to high technologies and efficiencies in managing the company’s management. Thus, this allows them to produce products that are competitive enough to compete in the international arena. And workers also are able to increase the production capacity by adapting the new technologies into the production process and this further led to increase the growth in GDP in Malaysia. Looking at previous year in 1990s where FDI started to increase in Malaysia, there has been a major improvement in the Malaysia’s export performance if compare to year 1980s with less FDI even up until now. Since Multinational Companies(MNC) has present in many international market, hence FDI from this organizations is consider as a potential source in transfer process of managerial knowledge, skills as well as new technologies that able to help in better production efficiencies and be competitive in the international arena in terms of pricing and quality of the products. The domestic firms can either obtain the information on the MNCs directly or indirectly to improve their production. The leakage of this information is known as the ‘spillovers’ and it can occur directly or indirectly. Once the domestic exporters have obtained the information regarding the international market, then they can produce accordingly to the international standard and increase the exports.

Major Types Of Essays

Major Types Of Essays Learn the Most Widespread Types of Academic Essays In order to be successful in academic writing, you should be familiar with different types of essay. It is essential to understand what this particular kind of essay requires from you. There are a lot of top essay writing services which are always eager to help you perform your writing task no matter what type of essay it is. But don`t worry if you have never dealt with a descriptive or an argumentative essay. Almost all good writings begin with the terrible first efforts. You start from nothing and learn as you go. Here are the descriptions of the most popular types of essay. Describe Somebody or Something in Vivid Detail in Your Descriptive Essay â€Å"Describe a place you always wanted to visit†, â€Å"Describe a place where you feel safe and protected†, â€Å"Describe your best friend† – if you have received a similar writing prompt, it means that you are asked to write a descriptive essay. So, what is it actually? While writing this type of essay, you can take advantage of your artistic freedom and vivid imagination. Your main task is to create the unforgettable image by using imagery creatively. What is important to remember while writing a descriptive essay? Your title and introduction should be creative and appealing. Use quality, relevant and telling details. Don`t use repetitive ideas throughout. Let your audience feel, smell, picture and imagine things you are describing. Add your personality. Write from your knowledge or experience. h2Make a Claim and Prove Your Point in Your Argumentative Essay/h2 In the argumentative essay, you have to give your opinion on issues our society care most about. For example, you can be asked to answer such questions: - How should schools address bulling? - Does technology make us more alone? - Does reality TV promote dangerous stereotypes? Your primary aim is to change your reader`s attitude towards something by using proved facts, vivid illustrations and firm language. Of course, there can be a lot of people, who may have the opposite ideas. So, be always ready to fight against them. What is important to remember while writing an argumentative essay? Consider both sides of the argument before you choose your position. Show your ability to refute and anticipate any opposing arguments. Present the argument judiciously and fairly. Support your points with research and examples to strengthen your position. Don`t forget to explain to your audience why this particular issue is commonly debated. Explain a Topic or Inform Your Readers about Something in Your Expository Essay The purpose of a good expository essay is to explain, describe and inform. You are not allowed to write in the first person or reveal your personal feelings and emotions. Just use facts, statistics, and examples to define your topic. This type of essay requires a profound research to be carried out. The expository essay will help you practice your informative writing skills. There can be a variety of topics to choose from: Think about an occupation that is considered demanding or difficult. Describe true leadership. Describe the major stressors in teen`s lives. It is quite simple to write an expository essay if you bear such important things in mind: Organize your thoughts by using effective brainstorming techniques. Evaluate your sources for reputability and timeliness. Use attention getters such as questions, quotes or interesting facts. Explain in detail one of the main ideas in each body paragraph. Present information in logical and organized fashion. Reflect on the significance of the information you present. It is important to remember that expository essay encompasses many essay variations such as: HOW-TO ESSAY – explain how to do something paying close attention to details. CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY – explain the results or the reasons of the situation or effect. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ESSAY – explain differences and similarities between two subjects. PROCESS ESSAY – explain to your audience how to perform a particular task. Create a Story in Your Narrative Essay Let your creativity flow here. Your task is to make up a good story that is worth of excitement. You do not have to forget about several important elements if you want to do it in a right way. These elements include theme, mood, setting, characters, and plot. You can pick the question that inspires you the most to tell an interesting story. For example: What challenges have you overcome? What are your fears and phobias? When have you failed? What is important to remember while writing a narrative essay? Introduce your characters and describe the setting in the introduction. The body of your essay should contain most of the plot. Finish describing the action in the conclusion. Deliver the moral of your story or make a revelation or a prediction in your final sentences.

The Roman Relationship Between Patron and Client

The Roman Relationship Between Patron and Client The people of ancient Rome were divided into two classes: wealthy, aristocratic patricians and poorer commoners called plebians. Patricians, or upper-class Romans, were patrons to plebian clients. The patrons provided many types of support to their clients who, in turn, rendered services and loyalty to their patrons. The number of clients and sometimes the status of clients conferred prestige on the patron. The client owed his vote to the patron. The patron protected the client and his family, gave legal advice, and helped the clients financially or in other ways. This system was, according to the historian Livy, created by Romes (possibly mythical) founder, Romulus. Rules of Patronage Patronage was not just a matter of picking out an individual and giving him money to support himself. Instead, there were formal rules pertaining to patronage. While the rules did change over the years, the following examples provide an idea of how the system worked: A patron could have a patron of his own; therefore, a client, could have his own clients, but when two high-status Romans had a relationship of mutual benefit, they were likely to choose the label amicus (friend) to describe the relationship since amicus did not imply stratification.Some clients were members of the plebian class but had never been slaves. Others were freed slaves. While freeborn plebes could choose or change their patron, freed slaves called liberti or freedmen automatically became clients of their former owners and were obligated to work for them in some capacity.Each morning at dawn, clients were required to greet their patrons with a greeting called the salutatio. This greeting could also be accompanied by requests for help or favors. As a result, clients were sometimes called salutatores.Clients were expected to support their patrons in all matters, personal and political. As a result, it was possible for a wealthier patron to count on the votes of his many clien ts. Meanwhile, however, patrons were expected to provide a range of goods and services including food (which was often traded for cash) and legal counsel. There was also patronage in the arts where a patron provided the wherewithal to allow the artist to create in comfort. The work of art or book would be dedicated to the patron. Outcomes of the Patronage System The idea of client/patron relationships had significant implications for the later Roman Empire and even medieval society. As Rome expanded throughout the Republic and Empire, it took over smaller states which had its own customs and rules of law. Rather than attempting to remove the states leaders and governments and replace them with Roman rulers, Rome created client states. Leaders of these states were less powerful than Roman leaders and were required to turn to Rome as their patron state. The concept of clients and patrons lived on in the Middle Ages. Rulers of small city/states acted as patrons to poorer serfs. The serfs claimed protection and support from the upper classes who, in turn, required their serfs to produce food, provide services, and act as loyal supporters.

A Biological Explanation for Aggressive Behavior Essay

A Biological Explanation for Aggressive Behavior - Essay Example Based on the premise that chemicals such as hormones or pharmaceutical agents affect neuronal responses such as mood and behavior, it tries to explain how the body’s internal chemical reactions have overt effects on how humans react to the environment. In the study done by Drs. Kruk, Hala ´sz, Meelis and Haller on the â€Å"Fast Positive Feedback Between the Adrenocortical Stress Response and a Brain Mechanism Involved in Aggressive Behavior,† the relationship between the body’s stress response and aggressive behavior is looked at. It was the aim of their experiment to test whether there was a â€Å"mutual stimulatory interaction between brain mechanisms controlling aggressive behavior and the stress response† (Kruk, Meelis, Halà ¡sz and Haller 2003). The investigations cross traditionally disparate domains of psychology as it takes an in-depth look at the connection between Behavioral, Social and Clinical Psychology – the link between integrativ e physiological investigation (e.g., in the role of specific neural structures, such as the hippocampus, in eliciting the stress response), frustration and aggression, and even psychopharmacology. Theoretically, it tried to prove that aggression is more of a biological response, and as such could be controlled, or even induced, by pharmacological means. The Experiment and the Results In the experiment, 53 rats were used as the main participants for five different experiments aimed to study whether stimulating the brain's aggression mechanism raised blood levels of a stress hormone and whether higher levels of the same hormone led to the kind of aggression elicited by that mechanism (Willenz 2004). Rats, whose neurophysiology is similar to ours were prepared by means of surgically implanting electrodes designed to stimulate the aggression-related part of the rat, his hypothalamus, a mid-brain area associated with emotion. Opponent rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of morphine before encounters with their electrode - implanted counterparts in order to produce profound sedation and analgesia during attacks (Kruk, Meelis, Halsz and Haller 2003). A series of five different experiments whereby the hypothalamus was electronically stimulated and measurements on the level of corticosterone (a substance akin to cortisol which humans produce under stress) present and the concomitant increase or absence of aggressive response in the rats in the presence or absence of an enemy or another attacker was undertaken. In the first two experiments, the rats' hypothalamuses were stimulated and their response to the absence and presence of an aggressive and non-aggressive opponent were measured. The results showed that "that activating the hypothalamic aggressive area is in itself a sufficient condition to obtain a considerable adrenocortical response. The confrontation with an opponent apparently is not required. The small increase observed in the absence of stimulation and opponent is probably due to an anticipatory stress response to the introduction into the test cage, a setting where these rats had fought before" (Kruk, Meelis, Halsz and Haller 2003). In the next two experiments, they determined the effects of a surge in plasma corticosterone and assessed the duration of their effects on attack thresholds. It was found that the levels of plasma c orticosterone induced attack behavior in the rats. The last experiment tried to determine what would happen if the rats underwent an adrenalectomy and the stress response was chemically induced

Writing to Convince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing to Convince - Essay Example The state of Oklahoma is no exception to protecting its pivotal civilians and, therefore, presents provisions to protect the societal individuals. Once the society selects the few who should be contained and restrictions offered, individuals might relate better to their normal routine. However, Oklahoma has witnessed a high number of inmates in prisons with the crime rate increasing and the law providing fewer alternative rehabilitation measures for less crime offenders. Among this number are women whose number is increasing in the prisons leaving a void in their homes, with the majority of children growing up without the motherly care. The number of inmates has surpassed the state’s budget on the initial expectation of the figure that are in the prisons. There is an alarming rate of sex offenders with elevating crime against children and corruption in businesses. This paper argues on the need to reduce the number of inmates in Oklahoma prisons and the impact of this problem o n individuals and society. The number of individuals increasing in these prisons means that there is a substantial increase in the crimes committed to the Oklahoma community. The law has recognized serious crimes to be against children and in embezzlement of finance in organizations. This has led to a witnessed an increase in the number of women in prisons escalating to protect the victims. There are non-violent offenders and those that are most dangerous who are included in this program. The lack of a proper system to rehabilitate the non-violent offenders and the parole system flaws has led to the integration of the entire criminals within the limited spaces. Oklahoma is mentioned as the only state with the provision that the governor should sign every parole program before the prisoner is inducted. The number of inmates increasing ion the prisons has an implication of unhealthy living within the confines leading to violence elevating in

Brand McDonalds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand McDonalds - Assignment Example   McDonald's and Golden arches can be said to be a beacon of success. As per 2011, it is the largest fast-food chain. Its revenue as of 2013 is the US $ 28.1057 billion. McDonalds’ has a good brand image and ranks among top ten in the survey of most valuable company in the planet (McDonald Corp. 2013). However, McDonalds is facing some peculiar problem.  McDonald's quite low when compared to its rivals in factors of quality perception.2. It has a new breed of customers with changing taste and preference and it has to keep itself relevant before it is too late or become history (Slama, 2014, pp. 9-11).Let us analyze the Brand management strategies of McDonalds through the lens of Keller’s brand equity model.Keller published this theory in his book strategic brand management. The theory of this model is pretty simple. It simply states that the company needs to redefine how customers think about their product for creating a strong brand. As per the figure there are fou r steps in order to build a strong brand image.  Applying the models 4 steps in case of Mc Donald’Step 1. Brand IdentityMc Donald wants to change its brand image in which it is identified as major culprit for the chronic obesity problem faced by US and other countries.  In wants to reposition itself as a brand that makes nutritional foods instead (Doole and Lowe, 2008, pp. 42-44). Its recent advertisement campaigns focus on people and emotions. Even there is a change in the product line to include new and healthy products.

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) 3.1. Introduction GMP the building blocks for HACCP. In several years, producer, retailer and industrialist use Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as appropriate method in order to produce good quality of food. Food producers keep on developing GMP regulations. Now, it uses as prerequisite program on HACCP system or food safety system. Good Manufacturing Practices should be selected and adopted before HACCP is implemented. Without the application of CGMP principles, an effective HACCP program cannot be conducted. Furthermore, GMP must be applied to the development of sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP). Compliance with specific GMP should be included as part of HACCP. The areas that should be addressed through CGMPs are personal hygiene and other practices, buildings and facilities, equipment and utensils, and production and process controls. CGMPs should be broad in nature (Marriot, 2007). There can hardly be HACCP without Good Manufacturing or Management Practices (GMP). Briefly, GMP is a description of all the steps (which should represent good practice) in a processing facility, while HACCP is a documentation that the steps important to consumer health are under control (Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros, 2009) GMP application is also a basic part of Total Quality Management Program (TQMP). GMP application should be explain in briefly and clearly about problems and procedures on every stage on food processing. 3.2. Definition GMP and SSOP are interrelated and an important part of process control. CGMP are the minimum sanitary and processing requirements necessary to ensure the production of wholesome meat. GMP is one of supporting program for implementation of HACCP system. GMP make food product have a good quality and safety; it is also make product widely acceptable for consumers in domestic and international market. Based on Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Regulation (2007), GMP is the guideline on good prerequisite and production procedures on fish processing unit. GMP is a combination of the production and quality control, to ensure that food manufacturers or processing are following the right step of its production line consistenly and spesifically. GMP refers to the regulation that firstly declared by the US Food Drug Administration (FDA) after being revised in 1986. GMP regulation is aimed to protect the consumer to avoid purchasing any dangerous or contaminated products. Its require a good quality approach of manufacturing and processing product to eliminate errors and failure. Nowadays, the function of GMP is getting more important as pre-requisite program of HACCP; therefore it has to be implemented prior the HACCP system together with the application of SSOP. 3.3. Scope According to Darwanto and Murniyati (2003), on operational processing unit, company management should be check on processing activities for evaluating: a. suitability, quality, and all input factor such as fish, food additives, ingredients, packaging, labeling etc; b. control suitability and condition of manufacturing namely construction, maintenance, sanitation, operation, and equipments that are use on fish processing; c. fulfillment of end products requirements are quality, safety, healthy, and also composition and grade of quality on product; d. staff checking on their health, hygiene and qualification. 3.4. GMP components 3.4.1. Location and Building Requirement 3.4.1.1. Location Seafood plant is consider of a suitable location. Some factors should be considered namely physical, geographical and infrastructure available. A plant must be adequate on a plot of adequate size, easy access on transportation by road, rail or water. An adequate of water should be available throughout the year. Seafood plants contain significant amounts of organic matter which must be removed before waste water is discharge into river or the sea. It also solid waste handling needs careful or appropriate planning, appropriate space, must be available. The immediate physical surroundings of a seafood factory should be landscape and present on attractive view to the visitor. Shrubbery should be at least 10 meter away from factory building and a grass free strip covered with a layer of gravel should follow the outer wall of buildings (Huss, 1994). In addition, the factory location should be large enough for expansion and should be attractively landscaped with natural features such as tree retained wherever possible. Paved or asphalt area are needed in factory, car pack should be situated at a reasonable walking distance from the factories to reduce fumes and noise (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). 3.4.1.2. Building There are several requirements for fish factories buildings. The materials that used on building materials should be have the specific characteristics. There are specific characteristics such as non-porous, non-toxic, easily cleaned, rodent proof, smooth flat, etc. According to Huss (1994), on food processing industries should have the particular characteristics on materials which are use on food industries. Food factories should be designed and built for particular purposes with materials capable of withstanding various physical conditions. The principal factors to consider are heat, cold, humidity, and vibration. On fish processing, interior surfaces should be smooth, non-porous, easily cleaned and not vulnerable to chemical attack by modern detergents and disinfectants, or able to sustain biological/microbiological growth. Good natural light and screened electric light must be provided. Paints and other surface coats should be non-toxic and not flake; those that contain mould inhibitors must not come into contact with foods. Pipe work, drainage ducts, conduits for power supply and other channels should be tightly sealed where they pass through walls, floors and ceilings to prevent entry of vermin and insects (Huss, 1994). Overhead pipe work sometimes passes directly over process lines and water condensed on the pipes can drip on the underlying food and equipment (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). Ventilation on fish factory have to efficient and ceiling should be constructed of and finished with materials that obviate condensation, paint flatting, and mould growth. The panel construction being made of various PVC, reinforced resins, PVC-faced plasterboard, PVC-foil-faced foam board or plastic-coated steels (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). Walls should be constructed with durable materials and in certain situation. All wall angles, corners and junctions of walls and floors must be imperiously sealed and be rounded for ease of cleaning. Coving of the wall/floor junction of walls to a height of. C. 15 cm. Modern materials that are used on wall include polypropylene and different PVCs. Suitable polymers and glass-reinforced PVC can be layered on a thin metallic surface with a cladding of suitable insulating materials (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). Floor is that surface should be non-slip and easy to clean and disinfect. The quality of the floor surface can be improved by topping the concrete with appropriate materials. These include epoxy, polyester or acrylic resins, chlorinated and styrene butadiene rubbers and bituminous paints and mastics. The resins have a number of advantages such as durable, easy to clean, good non-slip surface, smooth but became saturated and absorb water under water condition. Tiles can provide a relatively long lasting and impervious surface. However, there are weaknesses since they crack, lift to be under run by water, and are difficult to replace satisfactory (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). Ideally, building have to impose no constraints on any process or plant layout. However, production line are sited in unsuitable buildings as an economic necessity. Construction of building can be based on reinforce concrete or steel frame. In the framed structure the external walls are essentially a skin design to protect personnel and equipment inside. It means that the external walls can be constructed of relatively light material namely aluminum (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). 3.4.1.3. Plant layout Layout of food industries be laid out with clear, preferably ‘straight through lines of product flow. Final or intermediate processes must be separate to avoid cross-contamination by raw materials. According to Kotschevar and Terrell (1977) in Forsythe and Hayes, (1998), there are eight principle in efficiency flow of work in food service area are: function should proceed in proper sequence directly, with a minimum of criss-crossing and backtracking; smooth and rapid production; delay and storage of materials in processing should be eliminated; worker and materials should cover minimum distances; materials and tools should receive minimum handling, and equipment minimum worker handling; maximum utilization of space and equipment should be achieved; quality control must be sought at all critical points; minimum cost production should be sought. With eight principles, these layouts will minimize recontamination of fish process or raw materials. The preparation areas for all raw materials and all product should be physically separated by appropriate walls. The movement of operators between the separate processing areas should be use of allocated colored clothing and control by management. Facilities for washing hands with knee or foot operated hot water taps should be positioned at all pedestrian entrances in food factories as well as in the toilets. Suitable liquid unperfumed soaps, barrier creams and disposable towels must be provided at all times, with instruction given also their proper use. Floors should be durable, smooth, easily cleaned and carefully insulated; in addition, because of the problem of ‘frost heave where the subsoil becomes frozen to a depth of 1-2 cm causing weakening of the foundations, a heating walls and ceiling should also be durable, smooth and easily cleaned; material such as galvanized steel is particularly recommended. Design layout of cold stores should aim at keeping the environment as constant a possible. Thus the entry of warm air should be minimized by providing properly insulated double doors with an air lock and, as with chill rooms, sitting should be some distance form warm processing areas. 3.3. The examples of processing layout A = administration, EA = employee amenities, FPS = final products storage, L = laboratory, P = production area, RMS = raw materials storage (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998 re-draw by the authors) 3.4.1.4. Equipments There are seven basic principles for hygienic design agreed by the Working Party appointed by the Joint Technical Committee of the Food Manufacturers Federation (FMF) and the Food Machinery Association (FMA) in Forshyte and Hayes, (1998). The principle are: all surface in contact with food must be inert to the food under the condition of use and must not migrate; all surfaces in contact with food must be smooth and non-porous so that tiny particles are not caught in microscopic surface crevices and become difficult to dislodge; all surfaces in contact with food must be visible for inspection; all surfaces in contact with food must be readily accessible for manual cleaning; all surfaces in contact with food must be arranged that the equipment is self-emptying or self-draining; equipment must be design as to protect from external contamination; the exterior or non-product contact surfaces should be arranged to prevent harboring of soils, bacteria, or pest in and on the equipment itself as well as in its contact with other equipment, floors, walls or hanging support. With the above principle, materials are commonly used in food processing are Stainless steel, iron and mild steel, copper and its alloys, miscellaneous metal, plastics, rubber, glass and wood, and antimicrobial work surfaces (Forsythe and Hayes, 1998). Manufacturing equipment should be designed to prevent the entry of foreign materials, and the development of ‘out-of-sight dead spots, especially within the operation chamber and associated pipe work. Bolts and clips should be attached externally to maintain all internal product contact surfaces smooth and easily cleaned. For operator safety, all equipment should be made safe by electrical isolation during dismantling and cleaning. Table 3.1. Applications of materials-handling equipments Conveyors Elevators Cranes and hoists Trucks Pneumatic equipments Water flumes Direction Vertical up * * * Vertical down * * * Incline up * * * Incline down * * * * Horizontal * * * Frequency Continuous * * * * Intermittent * * Location served Point * * * * Path * * * Limited area Unlimited area * * Height Overhead * * * * Working height * * * * Floor level * * * * Underfloor * * * Materials Packed * * * * Bulk * * * * * * Solid * * * * * * Liquid * * Service Permanent * * * * * Temporary * * From Brenan et al (1976) in Fellow, P.J. (1990) 3.4.2. Operational Requirements 3.4.2.1. Receiving Raw Material Receiving raw materials should be consider some requirements such as the origin of raw materials, species and size based on product, quality of raw material and end-product. a. Indicators of Fish Freshness On the receiving materials area, sensory analysis is the main method of evaluating fish freshness. It enables differences in texture, flavor, and taste to be determined, and subsequently the usefulness of the raw material. Sensory properties change during storage from the desired very high standard, through neutral or average, and finally to undesirable or disgusting. It is generally assumed that prior to disappearance of desirable features the fish is considered to be fresh, while the appearance of undesirable or disgusting features disqualifies the raw material. The most difficult step is to determine an intermediate state in which the fish is not entirely fresh. Sensory analysis is thus carried out on raw fish and cooked fish. Flavor, appearance and state of abdominal cavity (for not eviscerated fish) are the main indicators of quality in the case of raw fish. For cooked fish, smell is the most important indicator (Hall, 1997). In addition, microbiological test on raw material is important parameter. In raw materials not only use sensory test but also use microbiological test. Particularly, on freshness test of tuna for sashimi, commonly use K value methods. K value is one of chemical methods based on ATP degradation. This method is commonly use on Japan to measure fish freshness. According to Anonymous (2002), checking the following at receipt will confirm seafood safety and freshness: product temperature (chilled seafood should be below 5oC but ideally between -1.5o and 2oC; frozen seafood should be below -18oC), package condition and use-by-date of pre-packaged seafood, hygiene and cleanliness of the transport vehicle, a record of the species, harvest date and location, and suppliers name, and visual quality criteria. Even if quickly frozen after catching, frozen seafood will not keep indefinitely. Bacterial activity ceases below about -10oC, but chemical and biochemical changes (enzymes, oil oxidation, and dehydration) will still occur. These changes may bring about slow irreversible changes in odor, flavor, and appearance. For long term freezer storage, it is recommended that a temperature of -30oC is maintained (this may only be achieved by commercial freezers). Seafood stored at -15oC (domestic freezers) will have a much-reduced shelf life. 3.4.2.2. Handling and Processing Fish and shellfish are considered to be among the most perishable foodstuff. To keep fish cool, packing in ice is used; this methods is avoids the possibility of the temperature dropping to low with the concomitant freezing of the flesh of the fish. During fish handling and processing in fisheries processing, it will retard the fish deterioration. Keeping fish I the cool thus extends the high-quality life (HQL) of the fish. Good chilling practices on board the fishing vessels and on shore result in better quality fish which, on landing (Garthwaite, 1997). Chilling delays and minimizes spoilage and the ideal chilling system cools fish rapidly to wet ice temperatures. It is essential to minimize bacterial contamination of the fish during all stages of handling. Dirt should be washed off the fish as landed and the surfaces with which the fish come in contact be maintained in a clean condition. Care must also be taken to wash the fish after gutting it, and to use clean ice. Fish properly iced will cool rapidly and will retain quality for 1 to 2 weeks, depending on the species. Ease handling, reduction of weight loses, and elimination of bruising are advantages to be considered in short-term storage in refrigerated seawater (Shapton and Shapton, 1991). Since shrimp live only a few minutes after removal from their natural habitat, microbial spoilage starts immediately through marine bacteria on the surface and in the digestive system, and through microorganisms which happen to contaminate the shrimp on the ships deck, in handling, and from iced used during their storage. The prevention of deterioration in the quality of fresh and iced-stored shrimp involves not only maintaining low microbial count but also prevention of oxidation (Shapton and Shapton, 1991). Temperature and time conditions at all steps from catching or harvesting to distribution is important to prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria, histamine producing bacteria and spoilage bacteria. Temperature and time also are important in preventing oxidation and chemical spoilage (Huss, 1994). 3.4.2.3. Additives and chemical materials Additives and chemical material commonly use on fish processing. It usually used on fish value added product. 1. Additives Additives can be divided into six major categories: preservatives, nutritional additives, flavoring agents, coloring agents, texturizing agents, and miscellaneous additives (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). a. Preservatives There are basically three types of preservatives used in foods: antimicrobials, antioxidants, and anti-browning agents. The antimicrobials are used to check or prevent the growth of microorganisms. The antioxidants are used to prevent lipid and/or vitamin oxidation in food products. They vary from natural substances such as vitamins C and E to synthetic chemicals such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The antioxidants are especially useful in preserving dry and frozen foods for an extended period (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). Anti-browning agents are chemicals used to prevent both enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning in food products, especially dried fruits or vegetables. Vitamin C (E300), citric acid (E330), and sodium sul ¬Ã‚ te (E221) are the most commonly used additives in this category (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). b. Chemical preservatives The action of maximum and minimum limit of chemical curing and preservative agents should be safe usage known (Betty and Diane, 1987). Propionic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid and shulphur dioxide are effective as a preservative. Propionic acid and its salts are mould inhibitors. Sorbic acid is useful fungistatic agent for use in flour confectionery, marzipan and cheese. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in cranberries and is added to many other foods. It is more effective against moulds and yeast than bacteria. These compound are most effective at the lowest pH values of food and ineffective at neutral pH. In addition, sulphur dioxide is being effective in inhibiting microbial growth, also helps to maintain the color of vegetable that are going to be processed (Betty and Diane, 1987). Nitrates and nitrites are used as a curing for meats. Due to toxicological concerns there has been a tendency to reduce the concentrations used in recent years. This imparts a red coloration to the meat similar to fresh meat (Betty and Diane, 1987). c. Nutritional Additives Nutritional additives have increased in use in recent years as consumers have become more concerned about and interested in nutrition. Vitamins, which as indicated above are also used in some cases as preservatives, are commonly added to cereals and cereal products to restore nutrients lost in processing or to enhance the overall nutritive value of the food. The addition of vitamin D to milk and of B vitamins to bread has been associated with the prevention of major nutritional deficiencies. Vitamin A, from liver cod, is essential for normal vision, growth, cellular differentiation, reproduction, and integrity of the immune system (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). In addition, Carotenoid on food can be functioned as function not only as color and nutrient compounds but also as antioxidants (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). Carotenoid can help to minimize oxidative damage and reduce the risk for age-related disorders by preventing the accumulation of free radicals (Rosalee and Michael, 2008). In addition carotenoid also found on brown algae (Miyashita and Masashi, 2008) Minerals such as iron and iodine have also been of extreme value in preventing nutritional deficiencies. Proteins or proteinaceous materials such as soya protein also are sometimes used as nutritional additives, although they are most commonly used as texturizing agents. Fiber additives have seen increased popularity in recent years with the increase in consumer interest in dietary fiber. Various cellulose, pectin, and starch derivatives have been used for this purpose. d. Coloring Agents Most coloring agents are used to improve the overall attractiveness of the food. A number of natural and synthetic additives are used to color foods. In addition, sodium nitrite is used not only as an antimicrobial, but also to fix the color of meat by interaction with meat pigments (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). There are two kinds of coloring agents natural coloring and synthetic coloring. Natural coloring made from plants and animals (Table 3.4.). Synthetic coloring made from chemical substances (Table 3.5.). e. Flavoring Agents Flavoring agents comprise the greatest number of additives used in foods. There are three major types of flavoring additives: sweeteners, natural and synthetic flavors, and flavor enhancers (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). Table 3.2. Chemical preservatives and their dose that are allowed for using in food processing (Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 722/Menkes/Per/IX/88) No Chemical Preservatives Kinds of Food Maximum dose 1 Sulphur dioxide Marmalade Tomato paste Sugar Powder Powder dextrose Sugar Vinegar Syrup Wine Grape Sausage Dried coffee extract Gelatin 100 mg/kg 350 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 70 mg/kg 70 mg/kg 70 mg/kg 70 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 450 mg/kg 150 mg/kg 1 g/kg 500 mg/kg 2 Potassium Bisulphate French fries Frozen shrimp Pineapple essence extract 50 mg/kg 10 mg/kg (raw); 30 mg/kg (cooked) 50 mg/kg 3 Potassium Metabisulphate French fries Frozen shrimp 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 4 Potassium nitrate Meat Cheese 500 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 5 Potassium nitrite Meat Corned 125 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 6 Potassium sulphate French fries Frozen shrimp Pineapple essence extract 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 500 mg/kg 7 Natrium Bisulphate French fries Frozen shrimp Pineapple essence extract 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 500 mg/kg 8 Na-metabisulphate French fries Frozen shrimp 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 9 Natrium nitrate Meat Cheese 500 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 10 Natrium nitrite Meat Corned 125 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 11 Natrium sulphate French fries Frozen shrimp Pineapple essence extract 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 500 mg/kg (Cahyadi, 2006) The most commonly used sweeteners are sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose, with sucrose being the most popular. The most common additives used as sweeteners are low-calorie or non-caloric sweeteners such as saccharin and aspartame. In most cases, flavoring agents are the same chemical mixtures that would naturally provide the flavor (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). f. Texturizing Agents These agents are used to add to or modify the overall texture or mouth feel of food products. Phosphates and dough conditioners are other chemicals that play a major role in modifying food texture. Lecithin and mono- and diglycerides as well as several synthetic derivatives. The primary role of these agents is to allow flavors and oils to be dispersed throughout a food product (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). Stabilizers include several natural gums such as carrageenan as well as natural and modified starches. These additives have been used for several years to provide the desired texture in products such as ice cream and are now also finding use in both dry and liquid products. Carrageenan found in red algae (Yuan, 2008). Phosphates are often used to modify the texture of foods containing protein or starch. These chemicals are especially useful in stabilizing various dairy and meat products. The phosphates apparently react with protein and/or starch and modify the water-holding capacity of these natural food components (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). Benefits of Additives There are obviously many recognized benefits to be derived from additives. Some of the major benefits are a safer and more nutritious food supply, a greater choice of food products, and a lower-priced food supply (Branen and Bragerty, 2002). Risks of Additives The indirect risks that have been described for additives are the converse of some of the benefits attributed to their use. Additives have also resulted in the increased availability of food products with a low density of nutrients. Of greater concern than the indirect risks are the potential direct toxicological effects of additives. Cancer and reproductive problems are of primary concern, although there is no direct evidence linking additive consumption with their occurrence in humans. 2. Chemical Substances Some chemical substances use in fish/food processing. They used on processing area and products. These substance have used based on government regulation. If they not used based on it the product will be danger to consumers. Several chemical substances are used on fish processing: Table 3.3. Organic preservatives and their dose that are allowed for using by Indonesian Government (Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 722/Menkes/Per/IX/88) No Organic Preservatives Kinds of Food Maximum dose 1 Benzoic acid Soy sauce Soft drink Cucumber pickle Margarine Pineapple essence extract Other foods 600 mg/kg 600 mg/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 2 Propionic acid Cheese Bread 3 g/kg 2 g/kg 3 Sorbic acid Cheese 3 g/kg 4 Benzoic Potassium Margarine Pineapple essence extract Dried apricot Jam and jelly Syrup, tomato sauce Grape Other food except meat, fish, fowl 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 500 mg/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 200 mg/kg 1 g/kg 5 Propionic potassium Cheese 3 g/kg 6 Sorbic potassium Cheese Raw cheese Margarine Dried apricot Cucumber pickle Jam and jelly Marmalade Pineapple essence extract 3 g/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 500 mg/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 500 mg/kg 1 g/kg 7 Benzoate Potassium Pineapple essence extract 1 g/kg 8 Methyl-p-hydroxyl benzoic Cucumber pickle Liquid coffee extract Tomato paste, essence Other food except meat, fish, fowl 250 mg/kg 450 mg/kg 1 g/kg 1 g/kg 9 Natrium benzoate Jam and jelly Soy sauce Soft drink Other foods 1 g/kg 600 mg/kg 600 mg/kg 1 g/kg 10 Natrium propionic Look at on propionic acid Look at on propionic acid 11 Nisin Cheese 12.5 mg/kg 12 Propil-p-hydroxyl benzoic Look metal-p-hydroxyl benzoic Look metal-p-hydroxyl benzoic Source: Cahyadi, (2006) Table 3. 4. Natural coloring agents characteristic Group Color Sources Solubility Stability Caramel Brown Cooked sugar Water Stable Anthosianine Orange, Red Blue Plants Water Sensitive to heat and pH Flavonoid Without yellow Plants Water Stable to heat Leucoanthocianine Colorless Plants Water Stable to heat Tannin Colorless Plants Water Stable to heat Bataline Yellow, red Plants Water Sensitive to heat Quinon Yellow-black Lichen Water Stable to heat Xanthon Yellow Plants Water Stable to heat Carotenoid Without yellow and red Plants Water Stable to heat Chlorophyll Green, brown Plants Lipid and Water Sensitive to heat Heme Red, brown Animals Water Sensitive to heat Source: Cahyadi (2006) Tabl